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"Beyond GDP: Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness Index: From 1972, the reign of the 4th Druk Gyalpo (King) Jigme Singye Wangchuck led Bhutan into a new phase of previously unseen modernisation. While in 1961 Bhutan had initiated its first 5-year socio-economic development plan, it wasn’t until over a decade later that wide-ranging socio-economic reforms led to improvements in education, rural development, urbanisation and tourism as well as a decentralisation of political power."

"During the reforms, King Jigme Singye Wangchuck declared ‘‘Gross National Happiness [to be] more important than Gross Domestic Product [GDP]’, believing GDP an insufficient metric that places too much emphasis on material gain over personal mental and physical well-being, biodiversity, poverty eradication and sustainability. Isolated for centuries, it was important for Bhutan to maintain its deeply rich culture, history, and Buddhist spiritual integrity throughout the modernisation process. Such far-reaching reforms had brought many tangible benefits to Bhutan, but there continued a deeply rooted belief that modernity had to be effectively managed, safeguarding a connection to Bhutan’s traditions and spiritual well-being."

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Beyond GDP: Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness Index