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"Calling GCP From AWS Without Static Keys Using Open-Source MultiCloudJ"
"Picture the scene: One of the services in your backend is a mature Django app that no one has the resources, time, or, frankly, the will to rewrite. The ORM, the admin panel, and the broader ecosystem all earn their keep. But you’re looking for the best way to describe your API, and FastAPI catches your eye. It looks like a great fit: native typing, pydantic-based validation, OpenAPI out of the box, and of course the support for async endpoints. That's the situation our team found itself in - we decided to use both frameworks and take from each what suited us best. Not everything went smoothly — this post is what we built, what broke afterward, and what we learned. The First Win So we wired it up, and it works. FastAPI runs as the ASGI application, and the existing Django app plugs into it. Python # asgi.py import os os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "myproject.settings") from django.core.asgi import get_asgi_application from fastapi import FastAPI app = FastAPI() django_app = get_asgi_application() app.mount("/legacy", django_app) Great! Now: Both Django and FastAPI endpoints live side by side, with no pressure to refactor everything in a single day — that was important for us.In the new parts of the app, Django steps back into a single role: communicating with the database through its models.Endpoints can be either sync or async. That was the win. But there was the other side also. Pitfall 1: Async Endpoints Started Running One at a Time When you reach out to external services, chances are you also want to enrich the request with something from your database, or save the result back to it (we did). Here's a tiny example: A single async handler that fetches data about Order from the database (we use Postgres) and forwards it to an external payment provider. Python from asgiref.sync import sync_to_async from fastapi import FastAPI app = FastAPI() @app.post("/orders/{order_id}/dispatch") async def dispatch_order(order_id: int) -> OrderDTO: order = await sync_to_async(get_order)(order_id) # fetch from DB await client.send_order(order) # call external service return order # code that uses a Django model def get_order(order_id: int) -> OrderDTO: order = Order.objects.get(id=order_id) return OrderDTO(id=order.id, amount=order.amount) Inside an async function, you can’t call the Django ORM synchronously. The documented approach is sync_to_async, which moves the synchronous call to a separate thread so it doesn’t block the event loop. Now let's see what happens under concurrent load. Drop a three-second sleep into get_order: Python from django.db import connection def get_order(order_id: int) -> OrderDTO: order = Order.objects.get(id=order_id) with connection.cursor() as cursor: cursor.execute("SELECT pg_sleep(3);") return OrderDTO(id=order.id, amount=order.amount) And fire three requests in parallel: Shell URL="http://localhost:8000/orders/1/dispatch" curl -s -o /dev/null -X POST -w "%{time_total}s\n" "$URL" & curl -s -o /dev/null -X POST -w "%{time_total}s\n" "$URL" & curl -s -o /dev/null -X POST -w "%{time_total}s\n" "$URL" >> 3.012s >> 6.024s >> 9.037s We expected ~3 seconds and got nine. The handlers ran one after another, not concurrently. And if you log the thread and database connection IDs from inside get_order, all three requests print the same values. Why? By default sync_to_async(get_order) runs with thread_sensitive=True, which means the function runs in the same thread as all other thread_sensitive functions. A standalone Django ASGI app does extra work here: it opens a fresh context per request, so requests run in parallel. The benchmark suggests that in our setup FastAPI doesn't: all three sync_to_async calls land on the same thread and line up one behind another. The event loop itself stays free, by the way: a purely async route keeps responding while the three /dispatch requests wait in that queue. But three async handlers with ORM calls queue up on the same thread, sharing the same connection. For a moment we hoped Order.objects.aget(...) or other Django async ORM helpers would save us here. They won't: for now under the hood they call the same sync_to_async. Can we just flip to sync_to_async(..., thread_sensitive=False)? Probably not - it is not a safe default. Django carries a lot of per-request state in thread-locals: the current DB connection, transaction.atomic(), etc. The Django docs say: "a lot of existing Django code assumes it all runs in the same thread." What to Do About It No silver bullet, but two approaches hold up: Split handlers by what they touch. Reserve async def for endpoints that genuinely don't touch the ORM — async-native HTTP calls, cache reads, etc. For ORM-bound endpoints, declare them as plain sync routes. FastAPI runs sync routes on its thread pool, so they actually run in parallel, and each thread gets its own Django connection. As long as these endpoints don't make many slow external calls, this can work.Move the work out of the handler entirely. If your project already runs with a message broker, the possible answer to "external API + DB write inside a handler" is to stop doing it inside a handler at all. Drop an event on the bus, let consumers handle the side effects, return immediately. The catch: this only makes sense when an event-driven flow already fits your system — because it is, of course, no small refactor. Pitfall 2: Tests That Can't See Their Own Data Now let's write a test for get_order — a sync endpoint that reads an order from the DB. The test runs with pytest-django: we create an order in the database and call the handler. Python # app.py import pytest from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException from fastapi.testclient import TestClient app = FastAPI() @app.get("/orders/{order_id}") def get_order(order_id: int) -> OrderDTO: try: order = Order.objects.get(id=order_id) except Order.DoesNotExist: raise HTTPException(status_code=404) return OrderDTO(id=order.id, amount=order.amount) @pytest.mark.django_db def test_get_order(): Order.objects.create(id=1) response = TestClient(app).get("/orders/1") assert response.status_code == 200 # and we'll have 404 You get 404 Not Found. The handler ran, looked at the database, and the order was nowhere to be found. Four facts conspire here: Pytest runs your test's data setup in one thread; when the FastAPI test client calls the endpoint, the handler runs in another.pytest-django wraps every test in an open transaction and rolls it back at the end. That's how the suite stays fast and isolated. The transaction lives on a single database connection.Django opens a database connection per thread.Postgres defaults to READ COMMITTED isolation: one connection cannot see another connection's uncommitted writes. So: the test body runs in the pytest thread. Its Order.objects.create(...) uses connection 1, inside pytest-django's open transaction. When TestClient hits the endpoint, FastAPI dispatches the handler to a worker thread from its thread pool, on another thread with its own connection 2. Connection 2 looks at the database and sees no order, because connection 1 hasn't committed, so connection 1's write is effectively invisible to everyone else. Again — What to Do? Test in layers. Unit-test the endpoint contract with the ORM mocked - those tests don't cross thread or connection boundaries, so the visibility problem simply can't appear. Test business logic and data access in their own tests, without going through TestClient. For cases when the full end-to-end test is still needed - the commonly suggested fix is @pytest.mark.django_db(transaction=True). This switches the test to a mode where writes actually commit, so other connections can see them. But it has its cost: pytest-django now does a database flush after every test, and the suite gets noticeably slower. On a large suite, for us "noticeably" meant minutes - too much on every run, so we use it only for exceptional cases. The Recap FastAPI brings obvious wins — OpenAPI docs, clean endpoint code, typing all the way through; Django gives you a greatly tested ORM and admin. Putting them in the same process gives us both — and a thread-and-connection model that doesn't behave the way we'd expect. Budget for the architecture work before you budget for the migration. Was it worth it? Yes — we got the clean, typed API we were after, and we kept Django's ORM instead of porting the whole data layer to another framework. Would we do it again? Not sure. The trade-offs of this integration may outweigh its benefits for us, so other combinations might be a better fit. If you’ve run into the same solution and found an approach with better trade-offs, please share; the comments are open. Reproduce it yourself. An example with a benchmark and failing tests is in https://github.com/evchibisova/fastapi-over-django-test."
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"I spent years building data pipelines, mostly in Snowflake, in a regulated banking environment. For most of that time, lineage was straightforward: data moves through a transformation, and you can trace exactly where every number came from. That changed the moment LLM functions started showing up inside those same pipelines. The pattern showed up the same way every time. A Cortex function would generate a narrative, a summary, a piece of text meant for a report someone downstream would rely on. The data going into the report was fully traceable. The text coming out of the LLM was not. I could tell you which table fed a number. I could not tell you which prompt, which model version, or which configuration produced a specific sentence. That gap kept showing up, and it bothered me enough that I eventually went and checked whether the tools I was using were ever going to close it on their own. The realization did not come from a single dramatic moment. It came from working backward. After a Cortex function ran and produced output that ended up in a report, I tried to reconstruct what had actually happened: which prompt had been active, what parameters had governed the run. The query history showed the function had executed. It showed the timestamp, the user, the warehouse. What it could not show me was what had been sent to the model or what version of the prompt template had produced the result. I was looking at evidence that something had happened, with no record of what that something actually was. They are not going to close it. I looked across the major data governance and lineage tools commonly used in this space: dbt, MLflow, Apache Atlas, Snowflake's own native tooling, Informatica. Every one of them is genuinely good at tracking structured data through deterministic transformations. Table versions, transformation logic, pipeline runs, all well covered. None of them, as far as I could find, natively captures what happens the moment an LLM enters the picture: which prompt template was used, what version of it, what parameters the model ran with, or how the output maps back to a specific section of a specific report. That is not a criticism of those tools. They were built before this problem existed in its current form. But it means that right now, if someone asks you to reconstruct exactly how an AI-generated paragraph in a regulated report came to exist, in most environments, you cannot. You have the output. You do not have the chain that produced it. The Question That Kept Coming Up The question that kept surfacing in compliance conversations was some version of: which version of this process produced this output? Not just which data, not just which model, but which version of the entire process, prompt included, was active at the time a specific report section was generated. That question is unanswerable with standard data governance tooling, because prompts are not treated as versioned process components the way SQL transformations are. A dbt model gets a version, a run ID, a test result. A prompt template gets saved somewhere, maybe, by someone, whenever they remember to. The governance gap is not subtle. It is the difference between a process that is version-controlled end to end and one that treats its most consequential step as an untracked artifact. Regulatory frameworks are beginning to reflect this expectation even if they do not yet spell out the technical solution. The EU AI Act, in Article 12, requires that high-risk AI systems allow for the automatic recording of events over the lifetime of the system. That language is more specific than most summaries suggest: it rules out manual log exports or after-the-fact human notes as a substitute. It requires automatic, system-level capture. That is exactly the kind of infrastructure that does not exist in most LLM reporting pipelines today. The Fix: Build It Into the Pipeline The fix, for me, was not to wait for a vendor to solve this. It was to treat prompt lineage as something that belongs inside the pipeline from day one, not something to bolt on after the fact. Concretely, that meant logging the prompt template and its version, the model and its configuration, and a hash of the output, automatically, every time the function ran, as part of the same process that writes the report, not as a separate step someone has to remember to do later. The architecture has six layers, each capturing a specific category of governed artifact. Source data provenance tracks which tables and rows fed the model. Transformation logic captures which pipeline version prepared the data. Prompt construction records exactly what was sent to the model, including template ID, version, variables, and rendered prompt hash. Model parameters log the specific model version, temperature, and inference settings. Output integrity creates a tamper-evident hash of the generated text. Report context maps the output to a specific filing section, including approval records. If You Can Only Start With One Thing If I could only implement one layer first, I would start with output hashing. The reason is practical: everything else in the lineage chain can potentially be reconstructed or approximated after the fact. You can check version control for the prompt template. You can look at model documentation for parameters. But once a generated output has been filed in a regulatory document and time has passed, there is no way to prove retroactively that what was filed matches what the model produced, unless you captured a hash at the moment of generation. Output hashing is the layer that makes the rest of the chain defensible. Without it, even a complete lineage record can be questioned, because you cannot prove the output it describes is the output that was actually filed. What to Do Starting Now A few things I would tell another data or IT leader looking at this same gap: Inventory every place an LLM touches something that ends up in a regulated or customer-facing document. You cannot fix what you have not mapped.Do not assume your existing data governance stack already covers this. Check specifically whether it captures prompt versions and model configuration, not just source data.Build the logging into the pipeline itself, not as a side process. If it is optional or manual, people will skip it under deadline pressure, and you will be back where you started.Start with output hashing if you have to prioritize. That single layer gives you tamper-evident proof of what was generated, which is the foundation everything else depends on.Treat this the same way you treat any other production logging you cannot afford to lose. Once a report goes out, the question is not whether someone will eventually ask how it was produced. It is when."
"My first attempt to deploy a Spring Boot microservice on AWS Fargate didn’t fail loudly. It failed quietly — in a loop. ECS kept launching tasks, the Application Load Balancer kept marking them unhealthy, and the service never stabilized. The logs looked fine, the container looked fine, but the ALB replaced every task within seconds. The root cause was painfully simple: Spring Boot needed 45 seconds to start, and my ALB health‑check timeout was 5 seconds. The tasks never had a chance. That night changed how I build and deploy microservices. It forced me to rethink startup behavior, JVM sizing, networking, task definitions, and the entire CI/CD pipeline. This article is the guide I wish I had before that incident — a practitioner’s walkthrough of deploying a production‑ready Spring Boot service on AWS Fargate, with real artifacts and the details that matter when things go wrong. The Architecture That Finally Worked Once the health‑check issue was fixed, the architecture settled into a predictable, cloud‑native flow: Developers push code to GitHubGitHub Actions builds the JARDocker image is built and pushed to Amazon ECRECS service runs AWS Fargate tasksTraffic enters through an Application Load BalancerTasks run in private subnetsConfiguration comes from Parameter Store and Secrets ManagerLogs and metrics flow to CloudWatch It’s the standard modern microservice pipeline — but the difference between “standard” and “production‑ready” is in the details. The Spring Boot Service The microservice itself was simple — a REST API with a few endpoints. The real complexity wasn’t the controller logic; it was everything around it: startup time, health checks, configuration management, and container behavior under load. A Dockerfile Built for Production My first Dockerfile looked like the one many tutorials start with: a single‑stage build running as root with no JVM tuning. It worked locally but failed under real load. Fargate tasks with default JVM heap sizing inside a 2GB container are a classic OOM story. Here’s the hardened version that finally stabilized deployments: Dockerfile FROM eclipse-temurin:21-jre # Create non-root user RUN useradd -u 1001 springuser WORKDIR /app # Layer extraction for faster builds COPY target/*.jar app.jar # JVM tuning for Fargate ENV JAVA_OPTS="\ -XX:MaxRAMPercentage=75 \ -XX:+UseContainerSupport \ -XX:+ExitOnOutOfMemoryError \ " USER springuser ENTRYPOINT ["sh", "-c", "java $JAVA_OPTS -jar app.jar"] This eliminated the OOMKilled events I saw on 2GB tasks and made startup time predictable. Pushing to Amazon ECR With Real Commands The first time I wrote down my ECR commands, they were placeholders. In production, they need to be exact: C aws ecr get-login-password --region us-east-1 \ | docker login --username AWS --password-stdin <ACCOUNT_ID>.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com docker build -t employee-service:1.0.3 . docker tag employee-service:1.0.3 \ <ACCOUNT_ID>.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/employee-service:1.0.3 docker push \ <ACCOUNT_ID>.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/employee-service:1.0.3 Immutable semantic version tags make rollbacks predictable and prevent “latest‑tag roulette.” The ECS Task Definition That Actually Runs in Production A real Fargate deployment lives or dies by its task definition. Here’s the JSON I use today — including secrets pulled from Parameter Store and Secrets Manager: JSON { "family": "employee-service", "networkMode": "awsvpc", "requiresCompatibilities": ["FARGATE"], "cpu": "512", "memory": "1024", "executionRoleArn": "arn:aws:iam::<ACCOUNT_ID>:role/ecsTaskExecutionRole", "taskRoleArn": "arn:aws:iam::<ACCOUNT_ID>:role/employeeServiceRole", "containerDefinitions": [ { "name": "employee-service", "image": "<ACCOUNT_ID>.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/employee-service:1.0.3", "portMappings": [ { "containerPort": 8080, "protocol": "tcp" } ], "secrets": [ { "name": "DB_PASSWORD", "valueFrom": "arn:aws:ssm:us-east-1:<ACCOUNT_ID>:parameter/db/password" }, { "name": "API_KEY", "valueFrom": "arn:aws:secretsmanager:us-east-1:<ACCOUNT_ID>:secret:thirdparty/api" } ], "logConfiguration": { "logDriver": "awslogs", "options": { "awslogs-group": "/ecs/employee-service", "awslogs-region": "us-east-1", "awslogs-stream-prefix": "ecs" } } } ] } The ALB Health Check That Stopped the Outage My outage happened because the ALB was impatient. Here’s the configuration that finally stabilized deployments: settingvalue Path /actuator/health Interval 20 seconds Timeout 10 seconds Healthy threshold 3 Unhealthy threshold 3 Spring Boot startup time + ALB patience = stable deployments. Why Fargate Tasks Belong in Private Subnets Early on, I deployed tasks in public subnets because it felt simpler. It wasn’t. Public IPs meant the containers were directly reachable from the internet — port scans, bot traffic, and noisy logs. Moving tasks to private subnets solved several problems at once: Reduced Attack Surface No public IPs. No direct inbound traffic. Only the ALB can reach the tasks. A Single Secure Entry Point The ALB handles TLS termination, redirects HTTP→HTTPS, performs health checks, and integrates with WAF. Clients never bypass it. Cleaner Security Groups ALB SG: inbound 443 from the internetTask SG: inbound only from ALB SG Nothing else touches the containers. Compliance Alignment PCI, SOC 2, HIPAA — all prefer minimizing public exposure. Controlled Outbound Access Tasks use a NAT Gateway for outbound calls (updates, third‑party APIs) without exposing themselves. Better Scalability ALB target groups automatically track tasks across AZs as ECS scales. The architecture becomes simple and predictable: Internet → ALB (public subnets) → Fargate tasks (private subnets) It’s quieter, safer, and easier to operate. The GitHub Actions Workflow That Deploys Automatically Here’s the pipeline that builds, tests, pushes, and deploys the service: YAML name: Deploy to Fargate on: push: branches: ["main"] jobs: build-deploy: runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v4 - name: Set up JDK uses: actions/setup-java@v4 with: java-version: "21" - name: Build JAR run: mvn -B clean package - name: Login to ECR uses: aws-actions/amazon-ecr-login@v2 - name: Build and Push Image run: | docker build -t employee-service:1.0.3 . docker tag employee-service:1.0.3 ${{ env.ECR_REGISTRY }/employee-service:1.0.3 docker push ${{ env.ECR_REGISTRY }/employee-service:1.0.3 - name: Deploy ECS Service uses: aws-actions/amazon-ecs-deploy-task-definition@v2 with: task-definition: ecs-task.json service: employee-service cluster: prod-cluster Auto Scaling With Real Target Tracking JSON Target tracking is the simplest and most reliable scaling strategy for Fargate: JSON { "TargetValue": 50.0, "PredefinedMetricSpecification": { "PredefinedMetricType": "ECSServiceAverageCPUUtilization" }, "ScaleOutCooldown": 30, "ScaleInCooldown": 60 } I use 50% as the target because it balances cost and responsiveness. What I Learned Every failure taught me something: ALB timeouts taught me to respect startup timeOOMKilled tasks taught me to tune the JVMPublic subnets taught me to isolate workloadsManual deployments taught me to automate everything AWS Fargate really does deliver on its promise — no servers to manage, automatic scaling, and clean integration with ECS — but only after you learn the hard parts. If you’re deploying Spring Boot on Fargate, I hope you learn those lessons from this article instead of from your own outage."